%PDF-1.6
%
1 0 obj
<>
endobj
2 0 obj
<>stream
2018-07-25T13:18:50-04:00
2018-07-25T13:18:49-04:00
2018-07-25T13:18:50-04:00
Adobe Acrobat 11.0
application/pdf
Honoring Contracts as a Foundation of Peace
uuid:45752e80-8aa8-4e00-980f-02af83aa8177
uuid:f01ba1e3-365a-4a54-966b-89d949bad706
Acrobat Web Capture 11.0
endstream
endobj
5 0 obj
<>
endobj
6 0 obj
<>
endobj
3 0 obj
<>
endobj
7 0 obj
<>
endobj
8 0 obj
<>
endobj
16 0 obj
<>>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<>
endobj
18 0 obj
<>
endobj
20 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
21 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
22 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
23 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
24 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
25 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
26 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
27 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
28 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
29 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
30 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
31 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
32 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
33 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
34 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
35 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
36 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
37 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
38 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
39 0 obj
[19 0 R 19 0 R]
endobj
19 0 obj
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>]/P 17 0 R/Pg 59 0 R/S/Article>>
endobj
59 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 0/Type/Page>>
endobj
60 0 obj
[68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R]
endobj
61 0 obj
<>stream
/CS0 cs 1 scn
10 36 591.75 729.75 re
f
/Article <>BDC
EMC
/Article <>BDC
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
15.75 0 0 15.75 152.7547 681 Tm
(Honoring Contracts as a Foundation of Peace)Tj
/Span<>> BDC
4.985 -1.381 Td
( )Tj
EMC
(A Shi\221ah Articulation)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
/Span<>> BDC
12 0 0 12 229.8818 635.25 Tm
( )Tj
EMC
(Mohammad S. Homayounvash)Tj
/Span<>> BDC
2.611 -1.812 Td
( )Tj
EMC
(S. Amir Mirtaheri)Tj
-12.122 -2.813 Td
(T)Tj
(reaties are the bones and sinew of the global body politic, making it po\
ssible)Tj
-0.312 -1.812 Td
( for states to move from talk through compromise to solemn commitment. T\
hey)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( are also its moral fiber, the evidence that governments and people have\
pledged)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( their \223full faith and credit\224 to one another. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 320.582 517.5 Tm
([1])Tj
ET
/CS0 CS 0 SCN
0.75 w
q 1 0 0 1 320.582 516.75 cm
0 0 m
11.369 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 85.75 479.25 Tm
(T)Tj
(he question of obligation upon which contracts and promises are based ha\
s been a long-)Tj
-0.312 -1.812 Td
(lasting challenge precisely due to its centrality in defining the meanin\
g and scope of human)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( interaction in society. In ancient times, Hans Wehberg observes, this p\
rinciple was)Tj
T*
( developed in the East by the Chaldeans, the Egyptians, and the Chinese \
in a noteworthy)Tj
T*
( way. According to the view of these peoples, the national gods of each \
party took part in the)Tj
T*
( formation of the contract. The gods were, so to speak, the guarantors o\
f the contract and)Tj
T*
( they threatened to intervene against the party guilty of a breach of co\
ntract. So it came to be)Tj
T*
( that the making of a contract was bound up with solemn religious formul\
as and that a cult of)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( contracts actually developed. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 227.6055 308.25 Tm
([2])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 227.6055 307.5 cm
0 0 m
11.369 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 238.9741 303.75 Tm
( Philosophers delving into moral, legal, and political)Tj
-13.081 -1.812 Td
( philosophy as well as those dealing with economics and international re\
lations have also)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( had to find a justificatory platform for the inviolability of contracts\
. The question of)Tj
T*
( obligation can be re-evaluated through the prism of human security broa\
dly conceived. Not)Tj
T*
( only is legal security, which entails the provision of a foundation to \
guarantee that contracts)Tj
T*
( will be fulfilled, one of the major aspects of human security, it is th\
e notion of social trust at)Tj
T*
( the heart of social security, which also depends on the obligatory natu\
re of promises.)Tj
0.312 -2.813 Td
(T)Tj
(his paper will look into some of the most consequential themes and solut\
ions for the)Tj
-0.312 -1.937 Td
( question of )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(pacta sunt servanda )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
9.75 0 0 9.75 241.3164 120.75 Tm
([3])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 241.3164 120 cm
0 0 m
11.369 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 252.6851 116.25 Tm
( in the history of Western philosophy. Consequently, it)Tj
-14.224 -1.812 Td
( will shed light on a Muslim understanding of contracts based on scriptu\
re and one of the)Tj
T*
( well-established doctrinal documents in Shi\221ah Islam. Finally, a bri\
ef section will review the)Tj
T*
( implications of this revisit of pacta sunt servanda for \223political I\
slam.\224)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
62 0 obj
<>
endobj
63 0 obj
(\(0*.0Hr)
endobj
13 0 obj
<>
endobj
65 0 obj
<>
endobj
66 0 obj
<>
endobj
67 0 obj
<>
endobj
74 0 obj
<>
endobj
73 0 obj
<>
endobj
72 0 obj
<>
endobj
64 0 obj
[/ICCBased 75 0 R]
endobj
75 0 obj
<>stream
Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M.(*(%8H8c-
fԉd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%?)U!$5X3/9 ($5j%V*'&*r" (,!!0b;CҢ2(ɘ I8/
endstream
endobj
40 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 1/Type/Page>>
endobj
41 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 2/Type/Page>>
endobj
42 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 3/Type/Page>>
endobj
43 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 4/Type/Page>>
endobj
82 0 obj
[84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R]
endobj
83 0 obj
<>stream
/CS0 cs 1 scn
10 36 591.75 729.75 re
f
/Article <>BDC
EMC
/Article <>BDC
q
10 36 592 730 re
W n
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 82 755.25 Tm
( the basis for the next theme. He speculates an \223original position\224\
in which the parties decide)Tj
ET
Q
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 82 733.5 Tm
( about the principles of justice through detachment \(abstracting knowle\
dge of themselves\).)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( The congruence arising from this ignorance of one\222s abilities, desir\
es, and claims heavily)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( relies on Rawls\222 normative conception of citizens as rational, free,\
and equal. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 458.5293 693 Tm
([18])Tj
ET
/CS0 CS 0 SCN
0.75 w
q 1 0 0 1 458.5293 692.25 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 474.7729 688.5 Tm
( This)Tj
-32.731 -1.812 Td
( democratic procedure leads to the formulation of \223justice as fairnes\
s\224 that constitutes the)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( basis for not only equal opportunity and basic liberties but certain in\
equalities within society)Tj
T*
( as well. It is crucial to notice that justice as fairness is the founda\
tion for the rule of law)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( according to Rawls. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 183.6426 604.5 Tm
([19])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 183.6426 603.75 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 199.8862 600 Tm
( A justice-as-fairness formula is not only enacted by the congruence)Tj
-9.824 -1.812 Td
( of \223public,\224 but also endorsed by the \223overlapping consensus\224\
of different religious and)Tj
T*
( philosophical perspectives. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 217.9668 559.5 Tm
([20])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 217.9668 558.75 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 234.2104 555 Tm
( Therefore, a Rawlsian approach to pacta sunt servanda)Tj
-12.684 -1.812 Td
( would found its obligatory character in its fairness. As Kratochwil has\
noticed, there is a)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( cognitive turn here from the question of obligation to the evaluation o\
f the validity of norms)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( and their fairness. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 173.6348 492.75 Tm
([21])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 173.6348 492 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 189.8784 488.25 Tm
( Pacta sunt servanda is a priori due to the morality of justice,)Tj
-8.99 -1.812 Td
( regardless of \(personal\) consequences. For one, this is ignorant of o\
ne\222s own status in the)Tj
T*
( \223original position.\224 )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 180.6484 447.75 Tm
([22])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 180.6484 447 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 196.8921 443.25 Tm
( In the same vein, its validity is essential as far as there is an intri\
nsic)Tj
-9.574 -1.812 Td
( value to justice, the practice of which, according to Rawls, defines th\
e very nature of moral)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( agent and the agent\222s moral autonomy. However, due to the cognitive \
turn discussed above,)Tj
T*
( the Rawlsian system still requires an extra-legal foundation, that is, \
\223rule-handlers\224 or law-)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
(makers to implement just rules. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 235.9727 359.25 Tm
([23])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 235.9727 358.5 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 252.2163 354.75 Tm
( Rawls himself asserts that there is nothing metaphysical)Tj
-14.185 -1.812 Td
( as such in his theory of justice; but, inter alia, his \223original pos\
ition\224 has provoked criticism)Tj
T*
( of his allegedly metaphysical conception of persons. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 339.5957 314.25 Tm
([24])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 339.5957 313.5 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 85.75 276 Tm
(T)Tj
(he linguistic tradition of Searle, Austin, and Onuf, among others, provi\
des a constructivist)Tj
-0.312 -1.812 Td
( perspective on pacta sunt servanda. Speaking in the world, Onuf asserts\
, is acting on the)Tj
T*
( world. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 118.9961 235.5 Tm
([25])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 118.9961 234.75 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 135.2397 231 Tm
( For Onuf, contracts are a particular type of \223action through speech,\
\224 or \223speech)Tj
-4.437 -1.812 Td
( acts,\224 that intersubjectively come about. He tags them \223commissiv\
e speech acts\224 that are by)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( definition binding. Conceived as such, it is the generative logic of co\
ntract that is the)Tj
T*
( provenance of obligation. But after we commit ourselves, why do we hold\
to that)Tj
T*
( commitment? Onuf explains this by employing the notion of guilt, especi\
ally prevalent in)Tj
T*
( Semitic cultures. These \223guilt-cultures,\224 Onuf acknowledges, have\
initially originated from)Tj
T*
( religious sources, and gradually have become internalized and desacrali\
zed in the course of)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( history obtaining its own momentum. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 268.3281 81.75 Tm
([26])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 268.3281 81 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 284.5718 77.25 Tm
( Religious guilt has long become a secular,)Tj
-16.881 -1.812 Td
( cultural drive to follow what is right. This is an a priori argument an\
d grants essential)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
84 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[459.0 690.0 475.0 701.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
85 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[183.0 602.0 199.0 613.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
86 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[218.0 557.0 234.0 568.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
87 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[174.0 490.0 190.0 501.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
88 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[180.0 445.0 196.0 456.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
89 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[236.0 357.0 252.0 368.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
90 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[339.0 312.0 355.0 323.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
91 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[119.0 233.0 135.0 244.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
92 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[268.0 79.0 284.0 90.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
80 0 obj
[93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R]
endobj
81 0 obj
<>stream
/CS0 cs 1 scn
10 36 591.75 729.75 re
f
/Article <>BDC
EMC
/Article <>BDC
q
10 36 592 730 re
W n
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 85.75 755.25 Tm
(T)Tj
(he five other major themes attach essential authority to pacta sunt serv\
anda, albeit through)Tj
ET
Q
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 82 733.5 Tm
( different conduits. A customary approach maintains that the frequent \223\
practice\224 itself is the)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( source of obligation when a particular act, in this case honoring contr\
acts, is expected from)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( the parties, feeding an expectation of permanency. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 329.8926 693 Tm
([13])Tj
ET
/CS0 CS 0 SCN
0.75 w
q 1 0 0 1 329.8926 692.25 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 346.1362 688.5 Tm
( The customary theme is the atypical)Tj
-22.011 -1.812 Td
( combination of an a posteriori yet essentialist reading of pacta sunt s\
ervanda. It is a)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( posteriori in the sense that nothing a priori \(i.e., prior to the actu\
al practices\) is the)Tj
T*
( foundation of the sanctity of contracts. Yet, it is essentialist in the\
sense that once)Tj
T*
( established by constant practices of actors, pacta sunt servanda become\
s, ipso facto,)Tj
T*
( authoritative, regardless of the consequences. As far as this approach \
underscores praxis, at)Tj
T*
( least an initial consent of the actors to join the practice and to enfo\
rce pacta sunt servanda is)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( indispensable, though this consent could be unconscious, carried out of\
inertia. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 466.2461 539.25 Tm
([14])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 466.2461 538.5 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 482.4897 534.75 Tm
( This)Tj
-33.374 -1.812 Td
( theme is traceable in Hume\222s thought that puts the locus of obligati\
on\227and normativity\227in)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( the \223expectations\224 developed by the repetition of the practice \(\
\223Constant Conjunction\224\).)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( These expectations are, after all, cultural constructs. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 337.5566 472.5 Tm
([15])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 337.5566 471.75 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 353.8003 468 Tm
( John Austin cogently elaborates on)Tj
-22.65 -1.812 Td
( this communitarian reading of the sanctity of contracts in )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
23.382 0 Td
(The Province of Jurisprudence)Tj
-23.382 -1.812 Td
( Determined)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(. He observes:)Tj
2.813 -2.813 Td
(T)Tj
(he conventions enforced by positive law or morality, are enforced legall\
y or)Tj
-0.312 -1.812 Td
( morally for various reasons. But of the various reasons for enforcing a\
ny)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( convention, the following is always one.\227Sanctions apart, a conventi\
on)Tj
T*
( naturally raises in the mind of the promisee, \(or convention tends to \
raise in the)Tj
T*
( mind of the promisee,\) an expectation that its object will be accompli\
shed: and)Tj
T*
( to the expectation naturally raised by the convention, he as naturally \
shapes his)Tj
T*
( conduct. Now, as much of the business of human life turns or moves upon\
)Tj
T*
( conventions, frequent disappointments of those expectations which conve\
ntions)Tj
T*
( naturally excite, would render human society a scene of baffled hopes, \
and of)Tj
T*
( thwarted projects and labors. To prevent disappointments of such expect\
ations,)Tj
T*
( is therefore a main object of the legal and moral rules whose direct an\
d)Tj
T*
( appropriate purpose is the enforcement of pacts and agreements. \205 Wi\
thout the)Tj
T*
( signification of the intention, there were no promise properly so calle\
d: without)Tj
T*
( the signification of the expectation, there were no sufficient reason f\
or)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( enforcing the genuine promise which really may have been proffered. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 452.5293 89.25 Tm
([16])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 452.5293 88.5 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 85.75 49.5 Tm
(R)Tj
(awls contribution to moral philosophy and his formulation of \223justice\
as fairness\224 )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 488.3418 54 Tm
([17])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 488.3418 53.25 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 504.5854 49.5 Tm
( is)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
93 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[330.0 690.0 346.0 701.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
94 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[466.0 537.0 482.0 548.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
95 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[337.0 470.0 353.0 481.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
96 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[453.0 87.0 469.0 98.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
97 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[488.0 51.0 504.0 62.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
78 0 obj
[98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R]
endobj
79 0 obj
<>stream
/CS0 cs 1 scn
10 36 591.75 729.75 re
f
/Article <>BDC
EMC
/Article <>BDC
q
10 36 592 730 re
W n
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 82 755.25 Tm
( servanda is a negative one; though in this case, instead of personal li\
ability, pacta sunt)Tj
ET
Q
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 82 733.5 Tm
( servanda is a vehicle to escape the dreaded \223state of nature.\224 Th\
e legitimacy of pacta sunt)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( servanda is ex post facto supported by the undesirable consequences of \
dishonoring)Tj
T*
( contracts, thus a posteriori again. It must be mentioned, however, that\
this is not how)Tj
T*
( Hobbes himself treated contracts. In labeling this theme Hobbesian, the\
authors follow the)Tj
T*
( common\227often simplified\227reading of Hobbes in which the state of n\
ature \(perceived as)Tj
T*
( the state of extreme personal and collective insecurity\) is central in\
understanding human)Tj
T*
( interaction. On this matter, a Hobbesian ethic is more sophisticated, w\
ith an evident role)Tj
T*
( granted to science in shaping human knowledge about how to attain happi\
ness as the)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( ultimate goal of ethics. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 197.9687 562.5 Tm
([7])Tj
ET
/CS0 CS 0 SCN
0.75 w
q 1 0 0 1 197.9687 561.75 cm
0 0 m
11.369 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 209.3374 558 Tm
( In fact, Hobbesian ethics has been classified as a version of)Tj
-10.611 -1.812 Td
( natural law. In any case, following the putative \223Hobbesian\224 them\
e in international relations)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( here, although consent of the parties involved in contracts is still re\
latively marginalized,)Tj
T*
( there is a \223harmony of fears,\224 which is in line with the necessit\
y of an extra-legal foundation)Tj
T*
( for pacta sunt servanda in a Hobbesian city. Therefore, it seems that i\
t would be the task of)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( Leviathan to guarantee the fulfillment of contracts. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 332.2363 452.25 Tm
([8])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 332.2363 451.5 cm
0 0 m
11.369 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 85.75 414 Tm
(T)Tj
(he last functionalist approach is best reflected in the political philos\
ophy of John Locke.)Tj
-0.312 -1.812 Td
( Similar to the previous theme, this labeling does not do justice to Loc\
ke\222s vision of pacta)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( sunt servanda. Rather, it follows the widespread reading of Locke\222s \
pragmatic approach in)Tj
T*
( the discipline of international relations. In fact, Locke\222s concepti\
on of moral obligation also)Tj
T*
( belongs to the natural law tradition in which such obligations are deem\
ed to be obligations)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( to God. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 124 308.25 Tm
([9])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 124 307.5 cm
0 0 m
11.369 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 135.3687 303.75 Tm
( In the vicinity of Rousseau\222s notion of \223social contract,\224 )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 412.2944 308.25 Tm
([10])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 412.2944 307.5 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 428.5381 303.75 Tm
( albeit with more)Tj
-28.878 -1.812 Td
( optimism, a Lockean theme sees obligation as a legal tie reflecting a c\
ollective solution to)Tj
T*
( obtain mutual benefit. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 193.6387 263.25 Tm
([11])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 193.6387 262.5 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 209.8823 258.75 Tm
( Therefore, it is similar to the Hobbesian theme in that it is a)Tj
-10.657 -1.812 Td
( posteriori and utilitarian. Yet, Lockean pacta sunt servanda gravitates\
toward functional)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( preferences, that is, positive instrumentality. Pacta sunt servanda is \
no longer a runaway)Tj
T*
( formulation from harm but an instrument to obtain public\227or common\227\
good. Voluntary)Tj
T*
( consent resulting from pragmatic reasoning generates an obligation to o\
bey the law. There)Tj
T*
( is, indeed, a \223harmony of interests.\224 Yet, the functional charact\
er of this approach still)Tj
T*
( necessitates an extralegal foundation for holding the parties responsib\
le. The enforcement)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( may be established by law provided through parliamentary mechanism. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 430.9023 109.5 Tm
([12])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 430.9023 108.75 cm
0 0 m
16.244 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 447.146 105 Tm
( The)Tj
-30.429 -1.812 Td
( parliamentary majority ideally embodies individual consents that gave b\
irth to pacta sunt)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( servanda in the first place.)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
98 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[198.0 560.0 209.0 571.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
99 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[332.0 450.0 343.0 461.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
100 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[124.0 306.0 135.0 317.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
101 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[412.0 306.0 428.0 317.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
102 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[193.0 261.0 209.0 272.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
103 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[431.0 107.0 447.0 118.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
76 0 obj
[104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R]
endobj
77 0 obj
<>stream
/CS0 cs 1 scn
10 36 591.75 729.75 re
f
/Article <>BDC
EMC
/Article <>BDC
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 85.75 747 Tm
(T)Tj
(he exogenously given and unproblematized character of pacta sunt servand\
a renders it a)Tj
-0.312 -1.812 Td
( somewhat intractable notion, especially when it comes to taxonomic issu\
es. As such, the)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( typology presented here should not by any means be interpreted as a cle\
ar-cut distinction)Tj
T*
( between different themes. Quite the contrary, many combinations of diff\
erent themes are)Tj
T*
( conceivable. However, it is pedagogically useful to distinguish eight a\
pproaches to pacta)Tj
T*
( sunt servanda in Western philosophy: Roman law, Hobbesian, Lockean, cus\
tomary,)Tj
T*
( legalist/Rawlsian, linguistic/constructivist, Kantian, and finally natu\
ral law.)Tj
0.312 -2.813 Td
(I)Tj
(t is possible, however, to classify these themes under two major heading\
s: functional)Tj
-0.312 -1.812 Td
( approaches that institutionalize obligation based on the utility of pac\
ta sunt servanda \(i.e.,)Tj
T*
( Roman law, Hobbesian, and Lockean\); and essentialist approaches that b\
estow a sine qua)Tj
T*
( non quality upon pacta sunt servanda \(i.e., customary, legalist/Rawlsi\
an,)Tj
T*
( linguistic/constructivist, Kantian and natural law\).)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
18 0 0 18 82 453 Tm
(Pacta Sunt Servanda in Western Legal Philosophy)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 85.75 413.25 Tm
(I)Tj
(n Roman law, obligation is a \223legal tie\224 arising from the notion o\
f personal liability, that is,)Tj
-0.312 -1.812 Td
( the seizure of the debtor\222s body unless he or she fulfills the contr\
act. This is a law of)Tj
T*
( obligation dealing with in personam, not in rem, meaning that the [body\
of the] person and)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( not his or her properties would be the guarantee of the contract. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 392.5586 351 Tm
([4])Tj
ET
/CS0 CS 0 SCN
0.75 w
q 1 0 0 1 392.5586 350.25 cm
0 0 m
11.369 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 403.9272 346.5 Tm
( Here, the binding)Tj
-26.827 -1.812 Td
( character of contract is a posteriori, meaning that the consequences of\
adherence or non-)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
(adherence to the contract are the basis for the obligation. The obligati\
on is a functional)Tj
T*
( necessity. The instrumentality of pacta sunt servanda is negative: it i\
s to avoid personal)Tj
T*
( insecurity. In such a situation, the consent of the parties \(especiall\
y those who are in the)Tj
T*
( inferior positions\) in the creation of the contract is generally trivi\
al. Naturally, in such)Tj
T*
( situations, contracts are not \223self-referential,\224 meaning that th\
ere is a need for an extra-legal)Tj
T*
( foundation. In the case of Roman law, this extra-legal entity was the s\
tructure of the Empire)Tj
T*
( that laid down and reinforced Roman law and therefore guaranteed the fu\
lfillment of)Tj
T*
( contracts. Roman law itself was based on the notion of \223special righ\
ts.\224 More than any other)Tj
T*
( theme, the Roman law approach seems to implement the literal meaning of\
pacta sunt)Tj
0 -1.937 TD
( servanda; that one is the servant of the pact. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 298.2578 110.25 Tm
([5])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 298.2578 109.5 cm
0 0 m
11.369 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 85.75 72 Tm
(S)Tj
(imilar to Roman law approach, the Hobbesian approach to pacta sunt serva\
nda asserts the)Tj
-0.312 -1.937 Td
( functional necessity of fulfilling contracts. )Tj
9.75 0 0 9.75 291.6074 53.25 Tm
([6])Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 291.6074 52.5 cm
0 0 m
11.369 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 302.9761 48.75 Tm
( It maintains the instrumentality of pacta sunt)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
104 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[393.0 348.0 404.0 359.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
105 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[298.0 108.0 309.0 119.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
106 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[291.0 51.0 302.0 62.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
71 0 obj
[/ICCBased 107 0 R]
endobj
107 0 obj
<>stream
HyTSwoɞc
[5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w߽ '0 ֠Jb
2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0-
@8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9
V)gB0iW8#8wթ8_٥ʨQQj@&A)/g>'K t;\
ӥ$պFZUn(4T%)뫔0C&Zi8bxEB;Pӓ̹Aom?W=
x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@tܛ`q2ʀ&6ZLĄ?_yxg)˔zçLU*uSkSeO4?c. R
߁-25 S>ӣVd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L`< "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B-
ꇆnQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G!"F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VĭKĻYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_(0J:EAiQ(()ӔWT6U@P+!~mDeԴ!hӦh/']B/ҏӿ?a0nhF!X8܌kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#ƒdV(kel
}}Cq9
N')].uJr
wG xR^[oƜchg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-ݖ,Y¬*6X[ݱF=3뭷Y~dó tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:˜O:ϸ8uJqnv=MmR 4
n3ܣkGݯz=[==<=GTB(/S,]6*-W:#7*e^YDY}UjAyT`#D="b{ų+ʯ:!kJ4Gmt}uC%K7YVfFY.=b?SƕƩȺy
چk5%4m7lqlioZlG+Zzmzy]?uuw|"űNwW&e֥ﺱ*|j5kyݭǯg^ykEklD_p߶7Dmo꿻1ml{Mś
nLl<9O [$h՛BdҞ@iءG&vVǥ8nRĩ7u\ЭD- u`ֲK³8%yhYѹJº;.!
zpg_XQKFAǿ=ȼ:ɹ8ʷ6˶5̵5͵6ζ7ϸ9к<Ѿ?DINU\dlvۀ܊ݖޢ)߯6DScs
2F[p(@Xr4Pm8Ww)Km
endstream
endobj
68 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[321.0 515.0 332.0 526.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
69 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[228.0 306.0 239.0 317.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
70 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[241.0 118.0 252.0 129.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
58 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 19/Type/Page>>
endobj
108 0 obj
[110 0 R]
endobj
109 0 obj
<>stream
/CS0 cs 1 scn
10 543 591.75 222.75 re
f
/Article <>BDC
EMC
/Article <>BDC
q
10 36 592 730 re
W n
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 112 755.25 Tm
( Tehran, Iran, )Tj
5.691 0 Td
(http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9801/07/iran/)Tj
17.831 0 Td
(.)Tj
ET
Q
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 82 721.5 Tm
(Endnotes:)Tj
/Span<>> BDC
( )Tj
EMC
0.312 -2.813 Td
(W)Tj
(e would like to thank Mohiaddin Messbahi for initiative and persuasive a\
nd intellectual)Tj
-0.312 -1.812 Td
( support. We are grateful to Harry Gould for his continued insights)Tj
/Span<>> BDC
( )Tj
EMC
(and crucial advice)Tj
0 -1.812 TD
( during)Tj
/Span<>> BDC
( )Tj
EMC
(the course of conceptualizing and framing our thoughts. Special gratitud\
e should go)Tj
T*
( to Nicholas Onuf for)Tj
/Span<>> BDC
( )Tj
EMC
(generously sharing his ideas with us.)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
15 0 obj
<>
endobj
49 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 10/Type/Page>>
endobj
50 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 11/Type/Page>>
endobj
51 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 12/Type/Page>>
endobj
52 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 13/Type/Page>>
endobj
53 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 14/Type/Page>>
endobj
54 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 15/Type/Page>>
endobj
55 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 16/Type/Page>>
endobj
56 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 17/Type/Page>>
endobj
57 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 18/Type/Page>>
endobj
127 0 obj
[130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R]
endobj
128 0 obj
<>stream
/CS0 cs 1 scn
10 36 591.75 729.75 re
f
/Article <>BDC
EMC
/Article <>BDC
q
10 36 592 730 re
W n
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 112 755.25 Tm
( 1980\).)Tj
ET
Q
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 91 733.5 Tm
(33)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(33.)Tj
ET
/CS0 CS 0 SCN
0.75 w
q 1 0 0 1 112 732.75 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 733.5 Tm
( )Tj
(Jerome Schneewind, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.775 0 Td
(The Invention of Autonomy: A History of Modern Moral)Tj
-10.025 -1.812 Td
( Philosophy )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
5 0 Td
(\(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998\).)Tj
-6.75 -1.812 Td
(34)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(34.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 689.25 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 690 Tm
( )Tj
(St. Thomas Aquinas, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Summa Theologica )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Thomas More, 1948\).)Tj
-3 -1.812 Td
(35)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(35.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 667.5 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 668.25 Tm
( )Tj
(John Finnis, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Natural Law and Natural Rights )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
18.643 0 Td
(\(New York: Oxford University)Tj
-19.893 -1.812 Td
( Press, 1980\).)Tj
-1.75 -1.812 Td
(36)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(36.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 624 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 624.75 Tm
( )Tj
(Tom Sorell, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
5.277 0 Td
(Hobbes)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( \(London: Routledge, 1986\).)Tj
-8.277 -1.812 Td
(37)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(37.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 602.25 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 603 Tm
( )Tj
(Thomas Hobbes, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(De Cive: The English Version)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
19.275 0 Td
( \(Oxford: Oxford University Press,)Tj
-20.525 -1.812 Td
( 1984\) and Thomas Hobbes, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Leviathan,)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
15.803 0 Td
( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,)Tj
-15.803 -1.812 Td
( 1991\).)Tj
-1.75 -1.812 Td
(38)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(38.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 537 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 537.75 Tm
( )Tj
(Michael Ayers, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Locke: Epistemology and Ontology)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
20.8 0 Td
( \(London: Routledge, 1993\).)Tj
-23.8 -1.812 Td
(39)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(39.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 515.25 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 516 Tm
( )Tj
(Jerome Schneewind, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.775 0 Td
(The Invention of Autonomy: a history of Modern Moral)Tj
-10.025 -1.812 Td
( Philosophy)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
4.75 0 Td
( \(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998\).)Tj
-6.5 -1.812 Td
(40)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(40.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 471.75 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 472.5 Tm
( )Tj
(See also Qur\222an verses 3:76; 13:20; 17:34; and 16:91.)Tj
-3 -1.812 Td
(41)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(41.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 450 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 450.75 Tm
( )Tj
(Note the notion of \223fear of God\224 in Qur\222an verse 2:177, that of\
\223love of God\224 in)Tj
-1.25 -1.812 Td
( 3:76, and that of \223covenant of God\224 in 16:91 and 13:20 in referen\
ce to contracts.)Tj
-1.75 -1.812 Td
(42)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(42.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 406.5 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 407.25 Tm
( )Tj
(S. E. Rayner, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(The Theory of Contracts in Islamic Law )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
22.055 0 Td
(\(London: Graham and)Tj
-23.305 -1.812 Td
( Trotman, 1991\).)Tj
-1.75 -1.812 Td
(43)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(43.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 363 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 363.75 Tm
( )Tj
(S. E. Rayner, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(The Theory of Contracts in Islamic Law )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
22.055 0 Td
(\(London: Graham and)Tj
-23.305 -1.812 Td
( Trotman, 1991\).)Tj
-1.75 -1.812 Td
(44)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(44.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 319.5 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 320.25 Tm
( )Tj
(S. E. Rayner, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(The Theory of Contracts in Islamic Law )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
22.055 0 Td
(\(London: Graham and)Tj
-23.305 -1.812 Td
( Trotman, 1991\).)Tj
-1.75 -1.812 Td
(45)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(45.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 276 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 276.75 Tm
( )Tj
(The letter is believed to be written sometime between 656 AD to 661 AD.)Tj
-3 -1.812 Td
(46)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(46.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 254.25 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 255 Tm
( )Tj
(All excerpts are from letter 53 of )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
13.661 0 Td
(Nahj al-Bal)Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
4.694 0 Td
<0197>Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(ghah: Peak of Eloquence)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
10.58 0 Td
(, by Ali ibn)Tj
-30.185 -1.812 Td
( Abi Talib and translated by Jafri \(1988\).)Tj
-1.75 -1.812 Td
(47)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(47.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 210.75 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 211.5 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Nahj al-Bal)Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
4.944 0 Td
<0197>Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(ghah)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(, letter 53.)Tj
-7.944 -1.812 Td
(48)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(48.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 189 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 189.75 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Nahj al-Bal)Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
4.944 0 Td
<0197>Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(ghah)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(, letter 53.)Tj
-7.944 -1.812 Td
(49)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(49.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 167.25 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 168 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Nahj al-Bal)Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
4.944 0 Td
<0197>Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(ghah)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(, letter 53.)Tj
-7.944 -1.812 Td
(50)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(50.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 145.5 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 146.25 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Nahj al-Bal)Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
4.944 0 Td
<0197>Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(ghah)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(, letter 53.)Tj
-7.944 -1.812 Td
(51)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(51.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 123.75 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 124.5 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Nahj al-Bal)Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
4.944 0 Td
<0197>Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(ghah)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(, letter 53.)Tj
-7.944 -1.812 Td
(52)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(52.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 102 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 102.75 Tm
( )Tj
(Samuel P. Huntington, )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
9.611 0 Td
(The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World)Tj
-10.861 -1.812 Td
( Order )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011\).)Tj
-1.75 -1.812 Td
(53)Tj
(. )Tj
1.75 0 Td
(53.)Tj
ET
q 1 0 0 1 112 58.5 cm
0 0 m
15 0 l
h
S
Q
BT
12 0 0 12 127 59.25 Tm
( )Tj
(Mohammad Khatami, Interview with Christiane Amanpour, CNN, 8 Jan. 1998,)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
129 0 obj
<>
endobj
151 0 obj
[153 0 R]
endobj
152 0 obj
<>stream
H\j0~
Cqn,8(!o?L`-}i[
Ga!g12g+lRZn3N-
Q5w+|+{@#>/tR
<2jN`z&so=:dK#j~jT?/6Le{8CY [@x_S ڎ` o
endstream
endobj
153 0 obj
<>
endobj
154 0 obj
<>
endobj
155 0 obj
<>
endobj
156 0 obj
<>stream
H\V TfCPD`ED PR7H
KQZk"qF&рM-c,QlѸ%FHOO=̽o3|3 ̇Ba#{͜#+6q4լt@{If^V.ZYge&tx׳3ߪЪZ̖ͿZ{< ;wZ>'Ķu8yԉ
DyinzA^\ebrݷeF1yoNdT7kP
l;TmF&&R)]w9 NNmIqZHv::|ܓo
mZ.Q*ms]ƭ,{'6T1b/XN(B$ ILBF}.`XDgĢ>%5'7m :,#LyLazD zk3Yj\]'1Wj/Rl;K!ԋ H|(bfh$HAh;-G9U8)
UH ]A@ kqR?]ĔI>ԑ'q;(6)dWig[TŨCr1TWcv;J`k$؋*M04}=͊hX:5>!Z)"&%H#܍/)O50KrV`9E4:Ϟܒ'\.㻪HTߙ8SjoHFJV%k+$w9*=GA2i'US~wpjf*CM$Rė)X/:ӸxN(ZFi55JgBפ#tUlF]%fD-g?'>waoOQ'xKԇFR͡6ENyTTjedͶ]A+y.l#~rlb\:J koNncɳ!
ђOM1%^ܖ;
?o;WnuN<!Xzdm+j`uCH6`(]Laf-faMUS*nC$]r`(Ƌ/\xOdİ{pTw*-읦^bjKN.|q42)f7BZKhUat.P
ՊDOfo(AT{DJTo,@mQ?TQ3FKS:K/ҵV'-+HÖc+ݲOF*J J3!^*tw{IciPxnr
U@kCOȃݍHHauN /l7g?Cf)"Ԡ3PIRQf|BURCYz%.
onJ).¶~>|^,rpWbZ*Njѓ-H6."cN0pW^DV>N9.Jm-4L|h܄X"Gs
GR.yZtܰJc5͗oixL
Φt|ix/qԑMxuLڀsuE'WzxJR=ڞjx6fhAEsTt=*kGBk ӺmY'⌼E%OVzRze]@~@OP@+:$dȢRm/s.Kً9۽y34,nza1_kZ&'X|#}uT,U:-]cۧwtWzDFt5,KHNAΎ;oҋm}}ڼݺWK=ܛmVLMpLsTU gbbXܙ.XHp_T8Қ2苾atӱRGns^Ԥl[/ mH8#{YBZ=zVI1Ԥ8&;w珤N@av8KHi&ql A6M0c];MJV8lAPt+kU0
B
nwCJș%b-C,tvG#->_`kM$jB0pXx7.o;!R:WE
30nz5ノ'7Gwz$ok8:>X} W(iz7_ļJSINjxPzwQdo ]0a,&m/.p38#2IG*{̺s+?$DokjQoDֶ}4cJsT,RP(ZQ0qXcnD]TbrW-r|nˤ1ϲTF6~p=<.`/ VvtUq3aVhODM'wczV
ԯlAޝ XtĢ^Ƽr> 8P`NJJò$Y>ghMBHdˇO~6/bj<&vGBXB6H.|vWlьwFo5,mFU_N lD#^qh$lU+
rQe^O*
ex ζ`q큪Am|rP[6+5<Yy#>T\ap~p_d$)Wr-U+"BirE4
hIGg'e^VԤKNI\u|Mn
ˣw 6IvdҲgF-_e9ɡvaG|lu MmeKیz(hM5u0aWr=:ݮ5uuvGR\W9vAɵk3n1RJ){Xwyݯsi)$>;beVʐVߨͬ^Rn4aٽ-_|eDw&[85~
v.<ÝT99>V DџZz49sq.q"?>gTP]iiX`A\ggƴF/?||RmgӺ{).|i6;Y<pE#.