• Students at Risk, Memorandum Summer 1993, etc. 
• List of Primary Advistory 1997 - 1998 by Department.

Materials from the Office of Academic Affairs transferred to the Archives July 2009.

• Committees
• FYC and FYC Luncheons and Workshops for various years.
• Honors Convocations 1996-2000 and 2003-2007.  Background material and programs.
• RATS!  2002-2005
• Student Fellowships Handbook
• Faculty Business Meeting Minutes, Agendas and Attachments.
• Official Faculty Meetings
• Back Copies of Faculty Meeting Minutes, Faculty Development Committee and the Faculty Executive Committee.

1924 Faculty Athletic Association.

1930-1931 Dean Holl's Report to the Faculty.

Academic Statistics Fall Term 1947.

1987- 1993 - Number applying for graduation, graduating with honors, lowest GPA.

Faculty Governance Task Force (1971, 1990-1991), Faculty Executive Committee Minutes (1978-1984, 1984 -1999 incomplete).

Interdisciplinary Studies Committee and Honors Studies (1990-1991).

Enrollment Management Committee (1990).  Subcommittee on Academic/Registration/Advising, Provisional Admissions (1987).

Examination Program (1960), Studies on Improvement of Tests, Senior Independent Study Program.

Steering Committee and Self-Study Steering Committee Minutes and plans (1967-1989).

Faculty Development Committee and Department Chairs, Department Heads, Meetings (1982 - 1998).

Faculty Development - Faculty Workshop programs 1965 - 2002. 1990 Mission Statement.   1991 Minutes of Professional Studies Meeting.

Discussion of Faculty/Staff Club Room and Faculty/Staff Lounge (1980 - 1985).

Faculty banquets and "Welcoming Dinners." The honoring of retirees.

Executive Committee Minutes - Military Recruitment on Campus, Inter-Disciplinary Programs (Peace Studies and Environmental Studies), Faculty Workshops, Discussion Day, Admissions Standards, Educational Frontiers Committee Members, Ethical Research Principles, Faculty Committee Assignments, Religious Life Committee,  Accreditation - Self-Study, Faculty Social Programs Committee, Dismissal Procedures for Non-Tenured and Tenured Faculty Members , Skills Development Center, Christian Higher Education, Mission Statement,

Faculty suggestions, "how to improve the experience of minority students on campus," Hoosier-Buckeye Collegiate Conference and HBCC Financial Aid Policy, Standards for Honors Graduates , Human Diversity, Harassment, Faculty Governance, Faculty Standing Committees at MC, Collaborative Learning, School Breaks, Representatives for the Dean of Academic Affairs, Bylaws for Conduct of Faculty Elections, Discussion Day Schedule, Revisions to Faculty Manual, Department Chair Appointment, Retirement Banquet, International Meal, Admissions Classifications, History of Curriculum Review, 1984 task force on Program Reduction, Improved Status of Library Faculty [October 10, 1993], NCAA definition of "good academic standing," and "satisfactory progress of students" [1993], Computer Services, Human Diversity Policy by Affirmative Action Committee, Commuter Assignments 1993-1994 by Faculty Member, Policy for the Promotion and Protection of Human Diversity (1993), Responsibilities of Computer Users, Teacher Education Committees, use of Library in Curriculum, Academic Breaks, Length of Academic Year.

Two Year Curriculum and Instructional Improvement Study circa 1958 - Study on Curricular Integration.

Goals For An Effective Curriculum At Manchester College, July 2000.

Two Year Degree Program, Fall 1974.

Helman's introduction, description and final results of the 1960's Self-Study, and related reports, statistics and minutes.  "The New Curriculum at Manchester College, Report of the Self-Study) Status as of June 20, 1968)."

Development of Divisional Core Curricula in Humanities, Social Sciences and Science, etc., Proposed Non-Divisional Core Curriculum Focused on helping each student discover "Who He Is,"  A Statement of Purpose for Manchester College, Memo to Faculty Regarding Self-Study, Proposed Teaching Load Evaluation.

Grading and Low Scholarship.

Faculty Development Committee - 1974-1997 (incomplete) - includingTenure, Salary, Benefits, Faculty Evaluation, Student Evaluation of Teaching, Guidelines for Recognition of Faculty for 25 Years of Service, Sabbatical Requests, Support for Faculty Research Fulltime Status, Revisions to Faculty Manual, Formation of System for Evaluation of Staff and Administration (1992), Annual Reports to the Faculty, Program Adjustment, Student Evaluations of Faculty, Forward Planning Committee, Rank for Librarians.

Committees and Standing Committees of the Faculty 1960 - 1973 (incomplete). Also 2000 - 2001.

Faculty Minutes, February, 1954.

Committee on Instruction 1963 - 1964.

Curriculum Revisions 1961, 1969, and 1977.

1974 materials including but not limited to: - Standards for the Accreditation of Baccalaureate Degree Programs in Social Work - Recommendations from the Natural Science Division to the Academic Committee - Humanities Faculty Core Evaluation - Questionnaire  "The following courses and programs help me discover who I am and what I can become." - Senior Colloquium -  Proposals for Curriculum Modification.

Academic Program 1988-1989, report of Graduate Student Enrollment - Academic Program developments (1986-1987)

Statistical Evaluation of contributions by each department (1982 - 1982).

1987-1991materials including but not limited to the following committees: Teacher Education (TEC), Academic Policies , Athletic Committee, Minority Concerns, Human Diversity, Student Life, Human Relations, Facilities Policy, Educational Innovation, Koinonia,College Planning , Management Information, Graduate and Continuing Education.

Budget (1967-1968), budget comparisons, salary scale, faculty benefits, teaching load, Co-Curricular Enrichment Committee,1986 President's memo, "An Attempt to Overthrow the Limitations of Manchester College."

Task Force for Program Adjustment(1981-1984).

MC2009/97a: Science Center construction reports, minutes, design, finance, etc. Winger Hall Renovation. MSKTD

MC2009/97b: Social Work Accreditation, Institutional Research, APC Minutes, Library renovation 1999.

MC2009/97c: Files of former faculty and staff.

MC2009/97d: Files of Former faculty and staff and VIA information. Master of Arts in Contemporary Leadership. Dean's List of Honor Students 1995-2006. Kauffman Awards 1997-2003. Dean's Student Scholarship Symposium.

A wide assortment of Admissions materials circa the 1980's through 2009/2010.

VHS tapes and cassette tapes documenting significant events on the Manchester College campus, including Step Up to the Future (1987) as part of the Centennial Campaign. Focus on the college's Centennial year.  Brochures on the Ministry Training Institute and Training in Ministry.  Church of the Brethren pamphlets, some authored by faculty or alumni of Manchester College.

DVDs -  (1) "The Friends of Manchester College Golf Outing, Looking Back on 15 Years" (1990 forward). (2) the Manchester experience, preparing graduates to think deeply and critically, with attention to the benefits of the Auburn Golf Outing.

Video clips - Student Union (now Jo Young Switzer Center) renovation, time- elapsed photography of construction.

Church of the Brethren relations - programs from the Alumni Luncheons at Church of the Brethren  Annual Conferences 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006.

Alumni Directory (1939) with notes.

Alumni Directory 1960.

Class of 1951 Senior Recognition Day program.

Notecard prints of watercolors campus buildings by Deb Hammond (MC Class of 1992).

Programs; Athletic Hall of Fame - luncheon and induction ceremony 2000 - "M" Club induction (undated) - Citation for  the 1994-1995 Basketball Team (Athletic Hall of Fame 2000).

1941 - 1991 Golden Anniversary booklet for the Class of 1941.

1999 Alumni Day Banquet program, with Honor Award recipients, and Golden Anniversary of Class of 1949.

2001 and 2002 Alumni Day Banquet program.

Manchester College song written by Lucile Klinger and Henrietta Wassman.

"Bulletin" focusing on the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Barry Goldwater visits.

This box includes but is not limited to: Faculty Athletics Committee minutes, all sports statistics, all conference statistics (1948-1963), membership history and statistics (including ICAC, HCAC, NCAA, NAIA, HBCC), historic athletic organization rules and reports, news releases, schedules, intramural sports, sports camps, policies, Women's Athletic Association Records (1941 through 1950), Hoosier Conference for Women (HCW) meeting minutes and statistics, women's award boards for all sports, women's and men's M-Club winners, sports awards, sports banquets, and Hall of Fame materials.  See finding aid for a more complete list.

Hall of Fame photographs and other athletics pictures.

Athletic scores, newspaper articles, and materials regarding individuals, types of sports and  sports events - multiple years: Women's Basketball, Men's Basketball, etc.

See also Large Box #21.

Band Tour programs, correspondence, news releases, dated 1952 - 1997.See Also: Concert Band Tours.

Bands include:  Concert, Symphonic, Varsity, Stage, and Jazz Ensemble.  Conductors include:  Samuel L. Fluekinger, John P. Browne, David McCormick, C. Dwight Ottman, James Carlson, Jack Launer, Robert Jones, and John W. Beery.

Men's Baseball statistics and record books, newspaper articles, press releases, newsletters, and other materials ranging from 1949 - 2014. A scattering of information about Women's Baseball.

Pictures of Men's Basketball circa 1995 - 1996 - 1997. Invitation Camp 1995 - 1996 - 1997 and other basketball photographs (undated).

Men's Basketball Photos - Contact sheets and individual portraits, snapshots and trips.  Many identifide students and coaches.  Significant Moments:  Receipt of trophy, 1993-94. Tourney Champs 1993. Team photo 1994-1995. Team photo 1976-1977. Steve Alford era.

Women's basketball statistics, newspaper clippings, and souvenir programs [1965 - 2012 various].

Correspondence and materials relating to the Board of Trustees and Executive Committee including committee materials, Church of the Brethren district ratification forms, membership lists and memos from the presidents to the Board of Trustees 1956 - 2002.

Video documentation of the Manchester College Children's Theatre production of "The Storytellers," January, 1997.

Photographs, periodicals, correspondence, audio recordings, video and VHS recordings of Manchester College students who, as conscientious objectors, served in Civilian Public Service projects during WWII.

Records of the Manchester Community Club. The Community Club informed its members of the history, traditions and the current direction of the college, encouraged and performed service for the college, and promoted sociability among its members.

This file includes a wide variety of materials related to conscientious objection including tax resistance, draft counseling, correspondence related to Indiana Draft Counseling (1950's and 1970's), and peace related events.

See also: Civilian Public Service; Conscientious Objection Citations in the Gospel Messenger; Compulsory Military service; Convocations Cassettes Collection Tape 513 (21 April 1997); Selective Service System.

See also:

• Civilian Public Service Bibliography; Committees-Postwar Planning; Conscientious Objection; Manchester College Bulletin of the Peace Studies Institute v.27 (1997); Memorabilia; Relief and Rehabilitation; Wartime
• Karl Kime, Supreme Court transcripts BC2007/7 located in the Brethren People file and videotaped interview MC2008/06.

A listing of Convocation cassette tapes and recordings.  Some of these recordings have been digitized but this list does not reflect this information . 

Schedules and media lists for: Convocation, Artist Lecture, Cinema Series, Public Programs, and Values, Ideas, and the Arts.

1986 (c) handout for Convocation #261 - Discussion Day 22 March 1988 - "Total Productive System of an Industrial Society," and Economists vs. Futurists.

19 February 2001 Convocation presentation, "Understanding the African Woman: A Historical Perspective," by Dr. Akosua Perbi, Fulbright-Scholar-in-Residence.

Schedule, expenses and correspondence regarding Discussion Day 1993.

Program for Discussion Days March 1995, "Violence in America."

Program for Discussion Days, March 1997, "Politics and Morality."

Diversity: Assortment of international student materials including:

• Copies of international student records 1920's - 1940's. (Restricted)
• Newspaper clippings
• International Association

Poster for Earth Day, "Go Plant a Tree!!!, Earthday Celebration 20 years."

Materials from William Eberly's collection related to Bill's professional career and personal library. Eloise Eberly's College Woman's Club directories. Letter to Eloise from Bill's January Term trip West (circa 1976) and related snapshots. Notebook documenting Bill's participation in the "Citizen Ambassador Program (China)." Programs: Groundbreaking Celebration for the MC Recital Hall (March 2004) - Dedication of the Norman and Grace Wine Recital Hall (October 2004) - Celebrating the Marden Years (2005). 1889 Scholarship granted to Samuel Miller. Charles Lekrone's reflections on President Howe and early North Manchester College, including classrooms in future Ikenberry home. The history of Tall Oaks. "Environmental Education, The Big Picture," by Eberly (1991). Video of the dedication of Koinonia, 21 April 1990.

Records related to Endowed Scholarships, 1974-1997.

1997 Entrepreneurial Symposium packet.

2003 article - endowment from the estate of Mark Johnston, MC Class of 1968.

Files include scattered materials on the following:

Faculty Workshops.

Faculty Professional Development Meetings.

Faculty Research and Artistic Endeavor, call for proposals for summer 1995.

Lists of Faculty Instructors.

Faculty Workload study.

End of Third Year Evaluation.

Faculty Policy decisions.

Faculty Emeriti.

Faculty Executive Committee.

List of Faculty Dissertations and Theses.

Part-time Faculty and Special Situations - Confidential

Proposal for an Energized Faculty Atmosphere.

1.    Graduate Council 1972-1992, graduate study committee.

2 .   Master's project, President's Report, workshops.

3.    Request for Approval of Proposed Master of Arts Degree Program Submitted to The Teacher Training and Licensing Commission, Indiana State Board of Education,1972.

Synopsis of the Graduate Programs at Manchester College, 1992-93.

Graduate Bulletin, various from 1977 - 2003.

Unedited video footage [MP4 file] of the Manchester College Baccalaureate service, 1997.

Commencement and graduation photographs from 1914, 1924, 1920's?, 1940, 1997, 2004.

CHAPPELL STUDIO and GRADUATION IMAGES (TM), 1997, 2002, and 2004.

Letter nominating A. Blair Helman for the Univeresity of Kansas Distinguished Service Citation written by Jo Young Switzer, 1996.

Completed Nominating Form and Biographical Outline.

Supporting Letters for Nomination.

Photographs & postcards: Homecoming 1997 Postcard.

BW photograph of Homecoming tents.  Back labeled, "Manchester College Office of Alumni Administration.  Come one, come all.  It's Homecoming under the Big Top in the fall.  Every fall, alumni return to campus for a day of football, reunions, food, memories, and more.  It's tradition.  And you're invited.  mark your calendars now for Homecoming 1997:  Oct. 11.  On the field, the Manchester Spartans tackle the Wabash Little Giants.  We'll see you under the Big Top!"  Unused cards.

Francis was the second son of first College President David Howe and David's first wife, Delilah.  Francis (Frank) was an instrumental music teacher at Manchester College 1899-1900.  Frank was also the Inventor/founder of the Howe Vacuum Bait Company.

Award in honor of L.D. Ikenberry, former treasurer and former acting president of Manchester College.

• Nomination materials, lists, photographs.

A collection of material, including student teaching handbooks, compiled by Dr. Karen Doudt for the NCATE visitation team circa year 2000:

1    PLS (Performance Learning Systems) material.

2    Graduate Council Minutes, 1993-1994.

3    Grant proposal submitted to Indiana Campus Compact, 25 January 1999.

4    Metro North Study.

5    Teacher Education Program Policy Handbook, 1998.

6    Student Teaching Handbooks, 1992-1999.

7    Mindpower and Mindquest materials.

8    Education Program Student Handbooks, 1993-1999.

9    Editorials published in the News-Sentinel by Dr. Doudt (1997-1998).

Material related to Kathy Kamphoefner, a peace activist, and in 1995 was an Assistant Professor of Communications. 

"Faculty Annual Report," Department of Communication Studies, 1997.

"Talking About Peace: Palestinian Narratives about the Current Peace Process in Hebron," Kathy Kamphoefner, 15 October 1997.

Newspaper articles regarding Kamphoeffner's Christian Peacemaker Team in Hebron and the resulting Israeli detention.

Writings of S. Bruce Kauffman, and Kauffman Award Recipients 1997-98, 1998-99, 1999-2000.

1. Documents from one three ringed notebook that include Bruce's writings.

2.  Materials include a list of those receiving Kauffman Awards from; 1997 - 1998, 1998 - 1999, 1999 - 2000.

3.  Application form and description of the Bruce Kauffman Award.

For Kauffman Award Memorandum and description, See: Alumni Large Box 187, then Kauffman.

See Also:  MC 811.52 Au23zk.

A bound book of Executive Committee and Church Board Minutes,1969 - 1975. 

A variety of reports, directories, and financial statements for Manchester Church of the Brethren.

Manchester Magazine publications and copies from 1997 - present.

For More Information see also: The Manchester Monitor, 7 May 2002 p.9; The News-Journal, 24 April 2001; 8 May 2002 p.19.

Speeches and articles by President Parker Marden: Vision 1991, Focusing on Growth and Excellence - Committing an Act of History (Manchester's 106th year) - To The Frontier. Again - Not Unto Ourselves Alone Are We Born - What makes up a strong sports team? - Have you spent that million yet?  - email exchange to Wartburg College - The President's Circle 109th Convocation Address - 2003 State of the College Address, "Life in the Winter of Our Discontent" - the appropriate educational environment.

This large collection of materials ranging from MC2009/7-A  -  MC2009/71-V,j1a,b includes printed and hand-made posters and other memorabilia accumulated throughout the years in the Manchester College Archives. 

Program booklets containing printed programs for all campus performances associated with the Manchester College Music Department 1967 - 2012.

Minutes of the Natural Science Division, 5 November 1997.

Transfer of files from the Office of Academic Affairs.

Reprints of Dr. Orpurt's MS thesis and PhD Thesis, and other publications. Information on campus trees.

Dale Oxender is an alumnus of MC and a prominent scientist. Five boxes containing personal items, certificates/awards, photographs, science equipment and writings, etc.etc.

See also, "The Story of the Natural Sciences at Manchester College," by William R. Eberly.

Parents' Weekend programs, news releases and clippings.

Peace Studies Institute Committee Minutes 1997 - 1998.

Photographs, contact sheets and negatives for the purposes of Media and Public Relations. January 1997 through December 1997.

• File Folder MC2009/71-A: A Cappella Choir
• File Folder MC2009/71-AL: Artist Lecture Series
• File Folder MC2009/71-B: Brethren Colleges Abroad
• File Folder MC2009/71-C: Children's Theatre
• File Folder MC2009/71-CB: Concert Band and Jazz Ensemble
• File Folder MC2009/71-CH: Choral Events
• File Folder MC2009/71-CY: Church of the Brethren Youth Conference
• File Folder MC2009/71-D: Dances
• File Folder MC2009/71-E: Events on Campus
• File Folder MC2009/71-MSO: Manchester Civic and Symphony Orchestra
• File Folder MC2009/71-MU: Music Department
• File Folder MC2009/71-PEV: Performances and Events
• File Folder MC2009/71-PMOA: Plays, Musicals, One Acts
• File Folder MC2009/71-SP: Sports, Posters with Football schedules.
• File Folder MC2009/71-V: Various, including Admissions Material, Parents' Weekend, Fundraising, Phonathon, Graphics Department

Parker Marden materials: Memos, reports, faculty/staff news, hate-email, commitment to diversity, thoughts about September 11, campus telephone directory, student activity calendar, alumni hometown tour invitations, and much more.

President's Newsletters from 1991 - 1999.

"Brethren Life and Thought," Volume III, Autumn 1958, Number 4 - with articles from Church of the Brethren presidents and faculties.

President's Box #3: Departments and Divisions.

McFadden files including institutional self-study, strategic planning, admissions, COBCOA, College of Pharmacy, board of trustees, and Church of the Brethren materials.

Presidential Correspondence N - Z.

A large collection of materials ranging from MC2009/7-A  -  MC2009/71-V,j1a,b consisting of  printed and hand-made posters and other memorabilia that accumulated throughout the years in the Manchester College Archives. 

Slides, Transparencies and News Clips From the Office of Public Relations including Manchester College campus and classroom scenes, athletic and other events, faculty, staff, students and images from the North Manchester area.

This is a large collection of printed and hand-made posters along with other memorabilia that had accumulated thorugh the years in the Manchester College Archives. 

Information about scholarships awarded by Manchester College, memorial scholarships, and scholarships awarded by other organizations. 

Information about scholarships awarded by Manchester College, memorial scholarships, and scholarships awarded by other organizations.

Security Department Records.

Listing of Social Science Materials:

Readings: Appalachia As A Sub-Culture," Social Science Core.

Department Meetings 1996, 1997 - agendas, enrollments, learning goals for the sociology major, the learning portfolio.

Press Releases, News Clippings, Papers.

For Clubs, societies and organizations: Southern Belles Home Demonstration Club, see MC2009/162d.

Social Work Accreditation materials from the Office of Academic Affairs. This is part of a larger collection accessioned as MC2009/97a,b,c,d.

 MC2009/97b:

• Social Work Accreditation
• Institutional Research
• APC Minutes 1977-1988
• APC Minutes 1988-1993
• APC Minutes 1993-1998
• Library Renovation 1999

Applications for Special Problems Course, Spring 1989 through Summer 2009.

A list probably composed by Ferne Baldwin.  A list of staff with their College positions and dates from 1895 - 1996. 

A list of staff on the Board of Trustee Participant-Observer Nomination Ballott of 1996-1997.

Values, Ideas, & Arts, Opening Convocations, Convocations, Cinema Series: Schedules, Listings and Programs, including"

• 1967, Martin Agronsky, Washington Correspondent for CBS Radio and Television and Moderator of "Face the Nation."

Values, Ideas, and Arts records.

Materials from the Office of the Vice President of Manchester College.

Materials from the Office of the Vice President of Manchester College.

Materials from the Office of the Vice President of Manchester College.

The Lemberg Center for the Study of Violence contains information on the race riots of the 1960s and originated at Brandeis University outside of Boston.  The archive was transferred to Manchester College on permanent loan in 1979, and was housed there until 1997, when it was transferred to the University of Notre Dame.

See Also: Oak Leaves, 21 September 1979 p.6.

Volunteer information:

One brochure, "Manchester College Volunteer Corps and Volunteer Services,  Volunteering Love, Care, and Support."

One letter from the Office of Volunteer Services, 1997.

Statement of Mission and Operation of The Manchester Volunteer Program, Manchester College, 1989.

One newspaper article, "MC Students Volunteer Record Hours," 12 September 2000.

Large box filled with Otho Winger materials.

A biography of Alma Wise presented during a College Women's Club program (1997).  Also included are stories of historical interest regarding Oakwood Hall.

An extensive collection of the Bethel Church of the Brethren.

"Manchester College, 1997 Bulletin of the Peace Studies Institute," issue dedicated to Civilian Public Service - After 50 Years.   Interviews with men and their responses to war as well as memories and reflections regarding Civilian Public Service: 

John Ebersole, J. Roy Valencourt, Gilbert R. Weldy, Larry Gara, Lester J. Glick, Melvin Holt, Paul Keller, Harry K. Zeller, Wilbur Dunbar.

Articles in the Brethren People File related to Gilbert Weldy, Manchester College alumnus, 1949, and CPS Smoke-Jumper:

• Member Profile, Gilbert Weldy, "The National Smokejumper Association, Smokejumper," Quarterly Magazine, October, 2003.
• "Some of My Life's Memories," by Gilbert R. Weldy, Written in 1998, Bloomington, Indiana.

See Also:  Convocations Cassettes Collection Tape 513 (21 April 1997); Manchester College Bulletin November 1976 p.3

Bulletins and sermons from the Marion Church of the Brethren, South Central Indiana District of the Church of the Brethren.

Middlebury Church of the Brethren is located in the Northern Indiana District of the Church of the Brethren.  This collection includes church history, records of business meetings, pictorial directories, the booklet,  "Peace Education in Churches," by Dan West and Others, and other materials.

Files of the South Central Indiana District of the Church of the Brethren, including congregational correspondence with the District Minister and church histories: Anderson, Arcadia, Arcadia/Windfall Yoked Fellowship, Beech Grove, Bachelor Run, Christ Our Shepherd, Clear Creek, Eel River, Hickory Grove, Howard, Huntington City, Kokomo, Lafayette, Liberty Mills, Locust Grove, Logansport, Loon Creek, Lower Deer Creek, Manchester, Marion, Muncie, Nettle Creek, Northview, Peru, Pipe Creek and Guernsey, Pittsburg, Richmond and Richmond/Four Mile Yoked Parish, Rossville, Salamonie, South Whitley, Sweetser, Wabash, West Eel River.

District Minister position description.

Minutes of the Mission-Ministerial Board of the Middle District of Indiana Church of the Brethren (1939).

Files from the South Central Indiana District Office of the Church of the Brethren.  Primarily the correspondence of District Executive, Carroll Petry, citations honoring church members, and confidential ministerial files.

Computer storage discs from unknown congregation(s).